advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and...

advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. This essay will initially present the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. It will then go on to critique a qualitative research article yet due to the word count only several factors of this will be critiqued and the article is by Wills et al (2005). Later it will consider the use of the research paper within the clinical practice area; and discuss whether the results are beneficial to the nursing profession. The implications for care delivery will be addressed and finally a conclusion will be given which will include recommendations for future practice through research. There are two forms of†¦show more content†¦The interviews were conducted by the author and this can be seen as making it more reliable as there would be no confusion as to misinterpretation from another interviewer. All interviews were tape recorded which is useful for the interviewer to analyse the data, however notes where not taken and if the tape recorder was lost or broken then there would be no information gained from that interview. Questions that deal with in-depth descriptions are best conducted from a flexible design and unstructured method of data collection (Polit Hungler). A non-directive method was used for the interviews which enabled new perspectives to emerge for example bullying and exercise and Parahoo (2006) strengthens this by saying that conducting qualitative research can allow participants to put responses into context and this will emerge with new data and it is called holistic exploration. Through new perspectives emerging it can give suggestions for future research topics based around obesity and this is an advantage to this research. Data Analysis It is not possible to know the researchers body weights and it may be considered that could their weight have affected the children s comments. If a quantitative research method was used then it may have been able to answer the question of why are these children overweight. Pseudonym names were given as toShow MoreRelatedHow can Greggs improve the validity of the information gathered from Market Research?1349 Words   |  6 PagesHow can Greggs improve the validity of the information gathered from Market Research In order to answer this task, I will suggest methods of how Greggs can improve the validity of the information gathered from primary and secondary research. First I will briefly explain the different types of information that Greggs could gather for market research. Primary Research Primary data is when you collect and gather the data first hand in the form of a questionnaire, survey, telephone or interview.Read MoreQualitative Research On Quantitative Research1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe qualitative research method involves analysing data, such as words, pictures or objects. It is more subjective, and requires the researcher to interpret data in order to form thematic ideas. Quantitative research can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organised and manipulated into reports for analysis. It often includes one to one interview. It utilises open- ended questions. This means that the researcher has to interpret their findings. Moreover, in qualitative research isRead MoreSales Promotion1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinterrelationship between consumer behavior and marketing concept. (what is marketing and societal marketing concept, embracing the marketing concept and segmentation, targeting and positioning) 2. Describe the interrelationship between marketing research, market segmentation and targeting and the development of the marketing mix for a manufacture of mobile phone. (embracing the marketing concept, utilizing the concepts of segmentation-targeting-positioning and marketing mix.) 3. Explain the interrelationRead MoreMarketing Research Literature Review1259 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing research I have chosen the market research because it is the very first step of most economical process. Philip Kotler (1994) define the marketing research as â€Å"function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process. Marketing researchRead MoreMrm Case Study Analysis1691 Words   |  7 PagesThis research is targeting the population which are citizens eligible to vote, in this case above the age of 18. There are a mix of Qualitative and quantitative research. About 8 focus groups of sizes Between 6-8 will be conducted at the electoral commission. A couple Of depth interviews will be conducted. The profile of these participants Are citizens eligible to vote. They are picked at random. These research Methods provide a rich insight to the research problem. On the other handRead MoreResearch Study On Data Collection Instruments1959 Words   |  8 Pages 2.4 Research instruments Interviews, surveys, in-depth interviews, case studies, fieldwork, simulations and experiments are all examples of data collection instruments that researchers may use to collect qualitative and / or quantitative data (Saunders et. al, 2006; Crotty, 1998). Surveys as indicated in section 2.2 are mostly used in quantitative research and interviews in qualitative research but researches can use an instrument or a combination of instruments that are best suited for and /Read MoreLimitations Of A Semi Structured Interview1444 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1: Methodological Considerations Question 1 One advantage of a semi structured interview is that in the case of participants who tend to answer questions briefly, the interviewer can ask more open ended questions and cater the structure of the interview for the participant. The interviewer has a choice of which order to ask the questions in and how to ask them. For instance, in the transcript for the interview, the interviewer is being provided with one sentence yes/no replies in the beginningRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the moduleRead MoreEssay Pros and Cons of Using a Case Study in Research2636 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Case Study Case study research is an investigation of a â€Å"bounded system† or a case or multiple cases over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, audio-visual materials, reports, etc.) (Creswell, 1998). During data collection, Yin (1989) recommended six types of data collection for case studies: 1) documentation; 2) archival records; 3) interviews; 4) direct observations; 5) participant observations; and 6) physicalRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings

Sample Resume Counseling Agreement - 968 Words

Counseling agreement: After analyzing and discussing what would be more achievable and measurable goals, I help my client to fill out the counseling agreement. In the agreements the realistic goals and rewards were written and signed by both my client and I. The agreements include: 1. Increase fruits and vegetable intake by eating two servings of vegetables and fruits for lunch and again at dinner for the next two weeks. 2. Limit the amount of empty calorie consumption into twice a week and no more than 260 calories per serving, as the MyPlate food guide recommendeda. 3. To be physically active for at least 30 minutes a day, five times a week for the next two weeks. Both Mr. William and I choose two weeks period to measure the actions. The reward would be experienced by Mr. William such as reduce the feeling of sluggishness and increase of energy from exercise regularly. If he follows through by limiting empty calorie snacks, it would be beneficial in his weight loss as well. As the counseling process progressing, my client would like to upgrade his reward by treating himself with a seasonal ticket to the game of his favorite football team. It is a great decision because the higher the reward, the harder he would try to accomplish his goals. Social Support: At home, he claims that he doesn t get too much support since his wife is working full-time yet she is also the one who does the shopping and cooking at home. She is willing to support his lifestyle change alongShow MoreRelatedFederal Worker Adjustment : An Analysis Of The Warn Act757 Words   |  4 Pagesgranted upon termination. Severance packages may incorporate salary compensation, vacation pay, employer-paid term of benefits coverage, outplacement administrations, possible counseling and resume workshops. â€Å"There is no requirement in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) for severance pay. Severance pay is a matter of agreement between an employer and an employee (or the employees representative)( United State Department of Labor, n.d.). I would also look into the employees that would seek an earlyRead MoreDownsize In The Workplace Case Study1346 Words   |  6 Pageshow the implementation of the reduction in staff will transpire. Unfortunately, most do not set this in plac e until the inevitable happens causing strife amongst the employees and management. 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NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: That to induce the Client to retain the Consultant as an outside consultant and to furnish the Consultant with certain information that is proprietary and confidential,Read MoreHuman Resource Management3152 Words   |  13 Pageswhen advertising the position internally, externally, or both (Mondy and Noe, 1996). Not only must the HR department attract qualified applicants through job postings or other forms of advertising, but it also assists in screening candidates resumes and bringing those with the proper qualifications in for an interview. The final say in selecting the candidate will probably be the line manager s, assuming all Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) requirements are met. 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You will be contacted if your experience, skills, education, and background best match the requirements for the opportunity.If you are selected for a follow-up screening†¦If selected in the above review, the recruiter will contact you for an initialRead MoreFunctions Responsibilities of Hr Admin Department of Rcl8779 Words   |  36 Pagessecurity in question. The maximum value of a margin loan relative to the value of the underlying securities is set by the SEC. Each firm is free to implement more stringent lending policies than prescribed by the SEC. ⠝â€" Margin Loan Activities Agreement of RCL: In this segment Royal provide two kinds of A/C: Cash: This type of account asks to client deposit cash and then client can use that cash to buy stocks, bonds, mutual funds or other investments. But sometimes client can take loan forRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesrelocations and transfers if it means sacrificing family or leisure time. 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Test Bank Ch1 Free Essays

Test Bank—Chapter One (Data Representation) Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following Boolean operations produces the output 1 for the fewest number of input patterns? A. ANDB. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Bank Ch1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ORC. XOR ANSWER: A 2. Which of the following best describes the NOR operation? A. An XOR followed by a NOTB. An OR followed by a NOT C. A NOT followed by a NOTC. An AND followed by a NOT ANSWER: B 3. Which of the following bit patterns cannot be expressed in hexadecimal notation? A. 11111111B. 1001C. 110011D. 100000000001 ANSWER: C 4. Which of the following is the binary representation of 4 5/8? A. 100. 11B. 10. 11C. 110. 101D. 100. 101 ANSWER: D 5. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value 5 in two’s complement notation? A. 00011010B. 11111011C. 00000101D. 11111011 ANSWER: C 6. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value -5 in two’s complement notation? A. 00011010 B. 11111011C. 00000101 D. 11111011 ANSWER: D 7. In which of the following addition problems (using two’s complement notation) does an overflow error occur? A. 0011 B. 0100 C. 1100 + 1010 + 0100 + 1100 ANSWER: B 8. Which of the following representations in two’s comp lement notation represents the largest value? A. 00000010B. 11111111C. 00000001D. 11111110 ANSWER: A 9. Which of the following bit patterns (represented in hexadecimal notation) represents a negative number in two’s complement notation? A. 7FB. 55C. A6D. 08 ANSWER: C 10. What value is represented by the bit pattern 01011100 when interpreted using floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. -1 1/2 B. 1 1/2C. -3/8 D. 3/8 ANSWER: B 11. Which of the following values cannot be stored accurately using a floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2B. 3/16C. 7D. 6 1/4 ANSWER: D 121. Which of the following bit-patterns represents the smallest value using the floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 01001000B. 1011000C. 00101000D. 01111000 ANSWER: C 13. Which of the following data storage systems provides the most efficient random access to individual data items? A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER: A 14. Which of the following storage systems is best suited for storing and retrieving long strings of data that are processed in their sequential order? A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER: C 15. Which of the following mass storage system does not require physical motion? A. Magnetic tapeB. Magnetic diskC. DVDsD. Flash drives ANSWER: D 16. Assuming that each of the following bit patterns originally had even parity, which one contains an error? A. 10110100B. 11000011C. 00011000 D. 10001001 ANSWER: D 17. How many errors per pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which any two code patterns differ by a Hamming distance of 8? A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6 ANSWER: A 18. Which of the following is a possible LZW compression of the message â€Å"xyz xyz xyz†? A. 1234B. 1234545C. 232D. 12 ANSWER: B 19. How many different symbols can be encoded using Unicode? A. 256B. 4,096C. 65,536D. 1,046,476 ANSWER: C 20. Which of the following systems is least efficient when encoding numeric values? A. Two’s complement notationB. Excess notation C. ASCIID. Floating-point notation ANSWER: C 21. Which of the following is a means of encoding music? A. ASCIIB. MIDIC. JPEGD. GIF ANSWER: B Fill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions 1. A computer’s main memory consists of numerous memory cells, each of which contains ________ bits. Each memory cell is identified by a numeric value called the cell’s _________. ANSWER: eight, address 2. Represent the bit pattern 1011010010011111 in hexadecimal notation. ________ ANSWER: B49F 3. A7DF is the hexadecimal representation for what bit pattern? ____________ ANSWER: 1010 0111 1101 1111 4. How many different bit patterns can be formed if each must consist of exactly 6 bits? ____________ ANSWER: 64 5. Translate each of the following binary representations into its equivalent base ten representation. A. 1100__________ B. 10. 011__________ C. 0. 01 ___ _______ D. 10001__________ ANSWER: A. 12 B. 2 3/8 C. 1/4 D. 17 6. Rewrite each of the following values (represented in base ten notation) in binary notation. A. 7__________ B. 23__________ C. 2 1/4 __________ D. 5/8__________ ANSWER: A. 111 B. 10111 C. 10. 01 D. 0. 101 7. If the patterns 101. 11 and 1. 011 represent values in binary notation, what is the binary representation of their sum? ____________ ANSWER: 111. 001 8. Using a two’s complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value 3. ____________ ANSWER: 000011 9. Using a two’s complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value -3. ____________ ANSWER: 111101 10. What is the largest positive integer that can be represented in a two’s complement system in which each value is represented by eight bits? ____________ ANSWER: 127 (represented by 01111111) 11. In a two’s complement system, what value is represented by the pattern 11111111111111001? ____________ ANSWER: -7 12. When using two’s complement notation, what bit pattern represents the negation of 01101010? ____________ ANSWER: 10010110 13. What value is represented by each of the following patterns in excess notation? A. 10000 ____ B. 0110 ____ C. 1011 ____ ANSWER: A. 0, B. -2, C. 14. Using an 8-bit floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa, write the bit pattern that represents the value 1 3/4. (Use normalized form. ) ____________ ANSWER: 01011110 15. What is the largest value that can be represented in a floating-point sys tem in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? ___________ ANSWER: 7 1/2 (represented as 01111111) 16. Which of the following addition problems cannot be solved accurately when using a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2 + 1 3/8B. 3 1/2 + 4 1/2C. 7 + 3/4 ____________ ANSWER: A, B, and C 17. The following is an error-correcting code in which any two patterns differ by a Hamming distance of at least three. Symbol Representation A 000000 B 001111 C 010011 D 011100 E 100110 F 101001 G 110101 H 111010 Decode each of the following patterns 010011 ________101010 ________011000 ________101101 _______ ANSWER: C, H, D, F 18. How many errors in a single code pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which each code pattern is a Hamming distance of at least seven from any other code pattern? ____________ ANSWER: 3 19. The following is a message that was originally encoded so that each pattern had odd parity. Circle the patterns in which an error has definitely occurred. 0110101 11110000 10010010 00000000 11111111 00001000 00111101 ______________________________________ ANSWER: Second, fourth, fifth, and sixth 20. Data compression techniques apply various principles to reduce the size of data. One, called _______________________, avoids repeating long strings of the same data item. Another, called _______________________, encodes the difference between consecutive blocks of data rather than encoding eac h block in its entirety. Still another, called _________________________, uses short bit patterns to encode frequently occurring items and longer patterns to encode less frequent items. ANSWER: Run-length encoding, relative encoding, and frequency-dependent encoding. Vocabulary (Matching) Questions The following is a list of terms from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be used to produce questions (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, â€Å"In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase. † TermDescriptive Phrase bitBinary digit Boolean operationAND, OR, XOR, NOT addressA numeric value used to identify a memory cell exadecimal notationAn efficient way of representing bit patterns sectorA segment of a track in a mass storage system zoned-bit recordingA means of increasing the storage capacity of a magnetic disk system bufferA storage area used to hold data on a temporary basis, often as a step in transferring the data from one device to another ISOAn international organi zation for establishing standards ANSIA major standardization organization within the United States ASCIIA system developed by the American Standards Institute for encoding text. lip-flopA digital circuit capable of holding a single digit two’s complement notationA means of encoding whole numbers floating-point notationA means of encoding numeric values that may involve fractions truncationAn error that may occur when using floating-point notation pixelA small part of an image GIFA means of compressing an image file by restricting the number of colors available JPEGA means of compressing images by blurring the boundaries between different colors while maintaining all brightness information UnicodeA means of encoding text in which each symbol is represented by 16 bits LZWAn example of adaptive dictionary encoding MIDIA means of encoding music in terms of notes and instruments rather than actual audio Key fieldA part of a logical record in a file used to identify the record. VLSIA means of constructing complex circuitry in a very small space. General Format Questions 1. Describe how a computer can produce an incorrect answer when performing numerical computations even though it has not malfunctioned. ANSWER: Most students will probably refer to overflow and truncation errors. 2. Describe ho the concept of Hamming distance is used to produce an error-correcting code. ANSWER: By designing a code in which each pattern has a Hamming distance of n from any other pattern, patterns with fewer than n/2 errors can be corrected by replacing them with the code pattern that is closest. . a. What is the output of the circuit below? [pic] b. In general, how does the three-bit input pattern across the top of the diagram relate to the circuit’s output? ANSWER: a. 0 b. The output is 0 if the input parity is odd; the output is 1 if the input parity is even. 4. If the input and output bit patterns in the circuit below are interpreted as binary representations of numeric values, what operation does the circuit perform? [pic] ANSWER: T he circuit subtracts one (except for the case of the input being 000). . Explain why such terms as kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte have acquired double meanings. ANSWER: The prefixes kilo, mega, and giga are used traditionally to refer to units measured in powers of ten. However, due to the early misuse of the prefix kilo in reference to units of the size 1024, these prefixes are now often used to refer to units that are powers of two—especially when referring to the capacity of main memories. 6. Convert the following addition problem into two’s complement notation using four bits per value), perform the addition, convert the answer back into base ten notation, and explain the results. 6 + 3 ANSWER: In two’s complement notation the problem is to add 0110 and 0011. The sum is 1001 which translates to -7. This answer is incorrect due to overflow. 7. Under what condition is each of the following data compression techniques most effective? a. Run-length encoding b. Relative encoding ANSWER: a. Compresses most when data consists of long strings of the same entry. b. Compresses most when each block of data differs little from the previous block. 8. What is frequency-dependent encoding? ANSWER: Frequency-dependent encoding is an encoding system that uses short bit patterns to represent data items that occur most often and longer patterns to represent less frequently occurring items. The result is that entire blocks of data can be represented in less space than would be required if each data item were represented by the same size bit pattern. 9. Construct the entire two’s complement scale in which each value is represented by three bits. ANSWER: 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000 -1 111 -2 110 -3 101 -4 100 10. To what does the term â€Å"normalized form† refer in the context of floating-point notation? ANSWER: Normalized form refers to a standard for positioning the bit pattern within the mantissa field. Many values can be represented in floating-point notation by different bit patterns, only one of which is in normalized form. Hence, restricting representations to normalized form assures that each value is represented by a unique pattern. 11. Explain why the final version of the dictionary need not be transmitted with a message encoded using LZW compression. ANSWER: The dictionary can be constructed during decompression in the same way it was constructed during compression. 12. Among the Boolean operations AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and NOT, which is least like the others? Explain your answer. ANSWER: There is not really a right or wrong answer. The student’s explanation is the most important part. Most students will probably answer NOT because it has only one input whereas the others have two. 3. If a term paper consisted 42 pages, each containing 40 lines of 100 symbols each (counting each space as a symbol), was to be encoded using Unicode, how many bytes of storage space would be required? ANSWER: 336,000 bytes (168,000 symbols times 2 bytes per symbol) 14. Explain why adding only a few characters to a text file may increase the file’s size by several hundred bytes and at other times may not increase the fil e’s size at all. ANSWER: File space is allocated in terms of physical records, each of which is several hundred bytes in size. Thus, the size of a file grows by physical record units rather than by byte size units. 15. In a two’s complement system, what value can be added to any other value without causing an overflow? How many values in the system have this property? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Adding the value 0 to any other value will not produce an overflow. However, if m is the largest positive integer that can be represented in the system, then any value in the range 1 to m will produce an overflow when added to m, and any value in the range -1 to -( m + 1) will produce an overflow when added to -( m + 1). How to cite Test Bank Ch1, Papers

Food Matters Production of Food

Question: Describe about the Food Matters for Production of Food. Answer: Is food security really just about food? Brown, LR. The New Geopolitics of Food. The Food Issue, 2011: 57-62. The impact of the rising food prices was felt differently by people in New York, New Delhi and Jakarta. The higher the percentage of one's income is spent on buying food, greater is the impact of the rising food prices. The inflation in food prices can push the world's poorest into greater poverty and hunger. Food production is largely dependent on the availability of water for irrigation. As the world's aquifers get depleted of this valuable resource, more and more countries will be to depend on food imports, particularly that of wheat and rice. While several countries in the middle east are fast reaching such a state, India and China are at a high risk. With 20 million bore wells, India's farming is dependent on over-pumping of water. Soil erosion and poor quality of the soil have also begun to threaten crop yields in recent times. Influence of the rich nations over the poorer nations is now visible in the form leased crop lands. Most of the leased land is in Africa where the economically rich countries now grow crops to meet their demand of food. Among the countries that leased out or sold lands to richer nations are Ethiopia and Sudan. Even as millions go hungry and depend on United Nations program to meet their needs for food, their leaders have taken an anti-people decision. The ava ilability of irrigation water to Egypt from the Nile is likely to fall because water will be used for irrigation in Ethiopia and Sudan. What is worse is that these are secret deals that compromise the ability of indigenous people to till their own land and grow food. With climate change the dangers of low crop productivity loom large. The world needs to find ways to increase crop yields with less water and improve the condition of soil, this is the requirement of the future. Caswell, JA, and AL Yaktine. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2013 . The choice of which food to consume is made by consumers based on preferences within the household and the availability of resources to buy the food. But income is not the only driver of how food is consumed. Consumption also depends on the availability of time taken to procure the food from the market, time spent on cooking, consuming and cleaning after the process of cooking and eating is over. The value of time when factored in gives the indirect value of time required in consuming and procuring the food.As the size of a household increases more time is available because the time spent on preparation of food per head decreases. Just as the rich are too busy to prepare food on their own, time constraints may hamper cooking healthy meals for a poor household also. The need to do multiple jobs, work in night shifts and work in jobs that involve more physical effort may leave them less time for cooking healthy meals at home. The choice of foods consumed in a household can depend on several factors. Taste preferences, personal and social factors (eating unhealthy food or binge eating), employment status, acculturation, access to personal transport, availability of time, knowledge , skills and abilities about cooking, nutrition-related education, access to personal or public transport and food prices are factors that affect a person's ability to procure and consume food. Kearney, J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philosophical Transactions About the Royal Society B, 2010 : 365(1554): 27932807. The availability of food has improved over the past few decades due to improvements in agricultural practices. Food shortages and dependence on seasons for food has reduced to a great extent. Food consumption had increased by about 400 calories per person per day between 1971 to 2001. The developing countries saw an increase in the consumption of meat and vegetables, the developed countries registered an increased consumption of oil. A decline was seen in the consumption of tubers, roots and pulses in the forty year period between 1963 and 2003. A marked increase in consumption of sugar animal and dairy products and oil has been seen in the developed and the developing countries. The consumption of cereals is currently 70% in the developing countries, while in industrialized countries the intake of cereals is just 50%. By 2050, it is estimated that the decline will be up to 46 %. The global increase in consumption of wheat can be attributed to the increase in production in India and China. In Africa the calories obtained from maize have increased and shall continue to register an increase by the year 2050. Consumption of meat has registered an increased, while the developed world sources most of the meat from pigs, sheep and cattle. In India and Africa, goats and camels are the main source. The UK depends on chicken for most of its meat requirement. Processed meats are also consumed to a great extent. Eggs and dairy consumption patterns vary by country. Chin has seen its demand for eggs double in the past few decades while no increase was registered in India. Demand for butter and cheese has risen cross all countries. But the demand for milk dropped in North America but increased in the developing countries. These trends are projected to remain the same by the year 2050. Quisumbing, AR, LR Brown, HS Feldstein, L Haddad, and C Pena. Women: The Key to Food Security. Food Policy Report, Washington DC: The International Food Policy Research Institute, 1995. When women manage the food economics of the household the major fraction of the income is spent on ensuring food security of the family and the children are more likely to receive adequate nutrition than when men manage the spending of income. 90% of the Agricultural labour is done by women in Africa. In South Asia women are responsible for10-40% of the agricultural labour. The nutritional status of women and their weight before and during the pregnancy is a critical factor in weight of the baby at the time of birth. Lower than 2.5 kg weight at the time of birth puts the health of the child at significant risk till the age of seven. Discrimination in the distribution of nutritional requirement leads to higher mortality among girls as infants and in early childhood. Unmet nutritional needs are also accompanied with reduced attention from the mother and therefore care required by the infant girl child is deficient. In Latin America and Africa pro-male bias does not exist. Poverty is the main reason behind gender based inequities in food distribution in families. As the economic status of the family improves so does the nutritional status of the women. The role of women in ensuring that the vulnerable members of the household, such as, children get adequate nutrition in terms of protein, energy, micronutrients, minerals, clean water and hygiene is an important but overlooked contribution. Ensuring that more women can be trained and educated and get some form of employment other than agriculture might improve the food security of households. If women are empowered they would be able to ensure better nutritional status for the family and specifically focus on obtaining food rich in iron to meet the needs of lactating and nursing women in the family. Women's rights to own and till land can also help them guarantee the food security of the family. Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli. Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli C. Urbanization and its implPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. , 2010: 365(1554):2809-2820. The pattern of the way food is produced impacts the manner in which it is consumed. The number of people engaged in producing food is much smaller than the number of people who consume food. With increasing urbanisation trend is likely to remain the same. The changes in crop science have made agriculture more dependent on availability of energy, more land is now under cultivation than ever before, there is n increased dependence on water for irrigation, and green house gas emission due to mechanised farming has now increased. But even though agricultural production has increased, the problem of under-nutrition among urban populations has increased. The demands of increasing agricultural production will have to be met while keeping the green house emissions low, and adopt resilient agricultural practices. The number of people engaged in production of industrialized goods is constntly rising, but the contrary is true for the number of people engaged in primary production. And the growth of numbers of urban dwellers depends directly on the food produced by the rural population. The increase in the number of the urban aged is also a cause for concern. If they move to the rural areas it will cause urbanisation of the rural areas because the aged will require health services to be provided close to where they live.