advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and...

advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. This essay will initially present the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. It will then go on to critique a qualitative research article yet due to the word count only several factors of this will be critiqued and the article is by Wills et al (2005). Later it will consider the use of the research paper within the clinical practice area; and discuss whether the results are beneficial to the nursing profession. The implications for care delivery will be addressed and finally a conclusion will be given which will include recommendations for future practice through research. There are two forms of†¦show more content†¦The interviews were conducted by the author and this can be seen as making it more reliable as there would be no confusion as to misinterpretation from another interviewer. All interviews were tape recorded which is useful for the interviewer to analyse the data, however notes where not taken and if the tape recorder was lost or broken then there would be no information gained from that interview. Questions that deal with in-depth descriptions are best conducted from a flexible design and unstructured method of data collection (Polit Hungler). A non-directive method was used for the interviews which enabled new perspectives to emerge for example bullying and exercise and Parahoo (2006) strengthens this by saying that conducting qualitative research can allow participants to put responses into context and this will emerge with new data and it is called holistic exploration. Through new perspectives emerging it can give suggestions for future research topics based around obesity and this is an advantage to this research. Data Analysis It is not possible to know the researchers body weights and it may be considered that could their weight have affected the children s comments. If a quantitative research method was used then it may have been able to answer the question of why are these children overweight. Pseudonym names were given as toShow MoreRelatedHow can Greggs improve the validity of the information gathered from Market Research?1349 Words   |  6 PagesHow can Greggs improve the validity of the information gathered from Market Research In order to answer this task, I will suggest methods of how Greggs can improve the validity of the information gathered from primary and secondary research. First I will briefly explain the different types of information that Greggs could gather for market research. Primary Research Primary data is when you collect and gather the data first hand in the form of a questionnaire, survey, telephone or interview.Read MoreQualitative Research On Quantitative Research1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe qualitative research method involves analysing data, such as words, pictures or objects. It is more subjective, and requires the researcher to interpret data in order to form thematic ideas. Quantitative research can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organised and manipulated into reports for analysis. It often includes one to one interview. It utilises open- ended questions. This means that the researcher has to interpret their findings. Moreover, in qualitative research isRead MoreSales Promotion1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinterrelationship between consumer behavior and marketing concept. (what is marketing and societal marketing concept, embracing the marketing concept and segmentation, targeting and positioning) 2. Describe the interrelationship between marketing research, market segmentation and targeting and the development of the marketing mix for a manufacture of mobile phone. (embracing the marketing concept, utilizing the concepts of segmentation-targeting-positioning and marketing mix.) 3. Explain the interrelationRead MoreMarketing Research Literature Review1259 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing research I have chosen the market research because it is the very first step of most economical process. Philip Kotler (1994) define the marketing research as â€Å"function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process. Marketing researchRead MoreMrm Case Study Analysis1691 Words   |  7 PagesThis research is targeting the population which are citizens eligible to vote, in this case above the age of 18. There are a mix of Qualitative and quantitative research. About 8 focus groups of sizes Between 6-8 will be conducted at the electoral commission. A couple Of depth interviews will be conducted. The profile of these participants Are citizens eligible to vote. They are picked at random. These research Methods provide a rich insight to the research problem. On the other handRead MoreResearch Study On Data Collection Instruments1959 Words   |  8 Pages 2.4 Research instruments Interviews, surveys, in-depth interviews, case studies, fieldwork, simulations and experiments are all examples of data collection instruments that researchers may use to collect qualitative and / or quantitative data (Saunders et. al, 2006; Crotty, 1998). Surveys as indicated in section 2.2 are mostly used in quantitative research and interviews in qualitative research but researches can use an instrument or a combination of instruments that are best suited for and /Read MoreLimitations Of A Semi Structured Interview1444 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1: Methodological Considerations Question 1 One advantage of a semi structured interview is that in the case of participants who tend to answer questions briefly, the interviewer can ask more open ended questions and cater the structure of the interview for the participant. The interviewer has a choice of which order to ask the questions in and how to ask them. For instance, in the transcript for the interview, the interviewer is being provided with one sentence yes/no replies in the beginningRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the moduleRead MoreEssay Pros and Cons of Using a Case Study in Research2636 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Case Study Case study research is an investigation of a â€Å"bounded system† or a case or multiple cases over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, audio-visual materials, reports, etc.) (Creswell, 1998). During data collection, Yin (1989) recommended six types of data collection for case studies: 1) documentation; 2) archival records; 3) interviews; 4) direct observations; 5) participant observations; and 6) physicalRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings

Sample Resume Counseling Agreement - 968 Words

Counseling agreement: After analyzing and discussing what would be more achievable and measurable goals, I help my client to fill out the counseling agreement. In the agreements the realistic goals and rewards were written and signed by both my client and I. The agreements include: 1. Increase fruits and vegetable intake by eating two servings of vegetables and fruits for lunch and again at dinner for the next two weeks. 2. Limit the amount of empty calorie consumption into twice a week and no more than 260 calories per serving, as the MyPlate food guide recommendeda. 3. To be physically active for at least 30 minutes a day, five times a week for the next two weeks. Both Mr. William and I choose two weeks period to measure the actions. The reward would be experienced by Mr. William such as reduce the feeling of sluggishness and increase of energy from exercise regularly. If he follows through by limiting empty calorie snacks, it would be beneficial in his weight loss as well. As the counseling process progressing, my client would like to upgrade his reward by treating himself with a seasonal ticket to the game of his favorite football team. It is a great decision because the higher the reward, the harder he would try to accomplish his goals. Social Support: At home, he claims that he doesn t get too much support since his wife is working full-time yet she is also the one who does the shopping and cooking at home. She is willing to support his lifestyle change alongShow MoreRelatedFederal Worker Adjustment : An Analysis Of The Warn Act757 Words   |  4 Pagesgranted upon termination. Severance packages may incorporate salary compensation, vacation pay, employer-paid term of benefits coverage, outplacement administrations, possible counseling and resume workshops. â€Å"There is no requirement in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) for severance pay. Severance pay is a matter of agreement between an employer and an employee (or the employees representative)( United State Department of Labor, n.d.). I would also look into the employees that would seek an earlyRead MoreDownsize In The Workplace Case Study1346 Words   |  6 Pageshow the implementation of the reduction in staff will transpire. Unfortunately, most do not set this in plac e until the inevitable happens causing strife amongst the employees and management. 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NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: That to induce the Client to retain the Consultant as an outside consultant and to furnish the Consultant with certain information that is proprietary and confidential,Read MoreHuman Resource Management3152 Words   |  13 Pageswhen advertising the position internally, externally, or both (Mondy and Noe, 1996). Not only must the HR department attract qualified applicants through job postings or other forms of advertising, but it also assists in screening candidates resumes and bringing those with the proper qualifications in for an interview. The final say in selecting the candidate will probably be the line manager s, assuming all Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) requirements are met. 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You will be contacted if your experience, skills, education, and background best match the requirements for the opportunity.If you are selected for a follow-up screening†¦If selected in the above review, the recruiter will contact you for an initialRead MoreFunctions Responsibilities of Hr Admin Department of Rcl8779 Words   |  36 Pagessecurity in question. The maximum value of a margin loan relative to the value of the underlying securities is set by the SEC. Each firm is free to implement more stringent lending policies than prescribed by the SEC. ⠝â€" Margin Loan Activities Agreement of RCL: In this segment Royal provide two kinds of A/C: Cash: This type of account asks to client deposit cash and then client can use that cash to buy stocks, bonds, mutual funds or other investments. But sometimes client can take loan forRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesrelocations and transfers if it means sacrificing family or leisure time. 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Test Bank Ch1 Free Essays

Test Bank—Chapter One (Data Representation) Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following Boolean operations produces the output 1 for the fewest number of input patterns? A. ANDB. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Bank Ch1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ORC. XOR ANSWER: A 2. Which of the following best describes the NOR operation? A. An XOR followed by a NOTB. An OR followed by a NOT C. A NOT followed by a NOTC. An AND followed by a NOT ANSWER: B 3. Which of the following bit patterns cannot be expressed in hexadecimal notation? A. 11111111B. 1001C. 110011D. 100000000001 ANSWER: C 4. Which of the following is the binary representation of 4 5/8? A. 100. 11B. 10. 11C. 110. 101D. 100. 101 ANSWER: D 5. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value 5 in two’s complement notation? A. 00011010B. 11111011C. 00000101D. 11111011 ANSWER: C 6. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value -5 in two’s complement notation? A. 00011010 B. 11111011C. 00000101 D. 11111011 ANSWER: D 7. In which of the following addition problems (using two’s complement notation) does an overflow error occur? A. 0011 B. 0100 C. 1100 + 1010 + 0100 + 1100 ANSWER: B 8. Which of the following representations in two’s comp lement notation represents the largest value? A. 00000010B. 11111111C. 00000001D. 11111110 ANSWER: A 9. Which of the following bit patterns (represented in hexadecimal notation) represents a negative number in two’s complement notation? A. 7FB. 55C. A6D. 08 ANSWER: C 10. What value is represented by the bit pattern 01011100 when interpreted using floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. -1 1/2 B. 1 1/2C. -3/8 D. 3/8 ANSWER: B 11. Which of the following values cannot be stored accurately using a floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2B. 3/16C. 7D. 6 1/4 ANSWER: D 121. Which of the following bit-patterns represents the smallest value using the floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 01001000B. 1011000C. 00101000D. 01111000 ANSWER: C 13. Which of the following data storage systems provides the most efficient random access to individual data items? A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER: A 14. Which of the following storage systems is best suited for storing and retrieving long strings of data that are processed in their sequential order? A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER: C 15. Which of the following mass storage system does not require physical motion? A. Magnetic tapeB. Magnetic diskC. DVDsD. Flash drives ANSWER: D 16. Assuming that each of the following bit patterns originally had even parity, which one contains an error? A. 10110100B. 11000011C. 00011000 D. 10001001 ANSWER: D 17. How many errors per pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which any two code patterns differ by a Hamming distance of 8? A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6 ANSWER: A 18. Which of the following is a possible LZW compression of the message â€Å"xyz xyz xyz†? A. 1234B. 1234545C. 232D. 12 ANSWER: B 19. How many different symbols can be encoded using Unicode? A. 256B. 4,096C. 65,536D. 1,046,476 ANSWER: C 20. Which of the following systems is least efficient when encoding numeric values? A. Two’s complement notationB. Excess notation C. ASCIID. Floating-point notation ANSWER: C 21. Which of the following is a means of encoding music? A. ASCIIB. MIDIC. JPEGD. GIF ANSWER: B Fill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions 1. A computer’s main memory consists of numerous memory cells, each of which contains ________ bits. Each memory cell is identified by a numeric value called the cell’s _________. ANSWER: eight, address 2. Represent the bit pattern 1011010010011111 in hexadecimal notation. ________ ANSWER: B49F 3. A7DF is the hexadecimal representation for what bit pattern? ____________ ANSWER: 1010 0111 1101 1111 4. How many different bit patterns can be formed if each must consist of exactly 6 bits? ____________ ANSWER: 64 5. Translate each of the following binary representations into its equivalent base ten representation. A. 1100__________ B. 10. 011__________ C. 0. 01 ___ _______ D. 10001__________ ANSWER: A. 12 B. 2 3/8 C. 1/4 D. 17 6. Rewrite each of the following values (represented in base ten notation) in binary notation. A. 7__________ B. 23__________ C. 2 1/4 __________ D. 5/8__________ ANSWER: A. 111 B. 10111 C. 10. 01 D. 0. 101 7. If the patterns 101. 11 and 1. 011 represent values in binary notation, what is the binary representation of their sum? ____________ ANSWER: 111. 001 8. Using a two’s complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value 3. ____________ ANSWER: 000011 9. Using a two’s complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value -3. ____________ ANSWER: 111101 10. What is the largest positive integer that can be represented in a two’s complement system in which each value is represented by eight bits? ____________ ANSWER: 127 (represented by 01111111) 11. In a two’s complement system, what value is represented by the pattern 11111111111111001? ____________ ANSWER: -7 12. When using two’s complement notation, what bit pattern represents the negation of 01101010? ____________ ANSWER: 10010110 13. What value is represented by each of the following patterns in excess notation? A. 10000 ____ B. 0110 ____ C. 1011 ____ ANSWER: A. 0, B. -2, C. 14. Using an 8-bit floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa, write the bit pattern that represents the value 1 3/4. (Use normalized form. ) ____________ ANSWER: 01011110 15. What is the largest value that can be represented in a floating-point sys tem in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? ___________ ANSWER: 7 1/2 (represented as 01111111) 16. Which of the following addition problems cannot be solved accurately when using a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2 + 1 3/8B. 3 1/2 + 4 1/2C. 7 + 3/4 ____________ ANSWER: A, B, and C 17. The following is an error-correcting code in which any two patterns differ by a Hamming distance of at least three. Symbol Representation A 000000 B 001111 C 010011 D 011100 E 100110 F 101001 G 110101 H 111010 Decode each of the following patterns 010011 ________101010 ________011000 ________101101 _______ ANSWER: C, H, D, F 18. How many errors in a single code pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which each code pattern is a Hamming distance of at least seven from any other code pattern? ____________ ANSWER: 3 19. The following is a message that was originally encoded so that each pattern had odd parity. Circle the patterns in which an error has definitely occurred. 0110101 11110000 10010010 00000000 11111111 00001000 00111101 ______________________________________ ANSWER: Second, fourth, fifth, and sixth 20. Data compression techniques apply various principles to reduce the size of data. One, called _______________________, avoids repeating long strings of the same data item. Another, called _______________________, encodes the difference between consecutive blocks of data rather than encoding eac h block in its entirety. Still another, called _________________________, uses short bit patterns to encode frequently occurring items and longer patterns to encode less frequent items. ANSWER: Run-length encoding, relative encoding, and frequency-dependent encoding. Vocabulary (Matching) Questions The following is a list of terms from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be used to produce questions (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, â€Å"In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase. † TermDescriptive Phrase bitBinary digit Boolean operationAND, OR, XOR, NOT addressA numeric value used to identify a memory cell exadecimal notationAn efficient way of representing bit patterns sectorA segment of a track in a mass storage system zoned-bit recordingA means of increasing the storage capacity of a magnetic disk system bufferA storage area used to hold data on a temporary basis, often as a step in transferring the data from one device to another ISOAn international organi zation for establishing standards ANSIA major standardization organization within the United States ASCIIA system developed by the American Standards Institute for encoding text. lip-flopA digital circuit capable of holding a single digit two’s complement notationA means of encoding whole numbers floating-point notationA means of encoding numeric values that may involve fractions truncationAn error that may occur when using floating-point notation pixelA small part of an image GIFA means of compressing an image file by restricting the number of colors available JPEGA means of compressing images by blurring the boundaries between different colors while maintaining all brightness information UnicodeA means of encoding text in which each symbol is represented by 16 bits LZWAn example of adaptive dictionary encoding MIDIA means of encoding music in terms of notes and instruments rather than actual audio Key fieldA part of a logical record in a file used to identify the record. VLSIA means of constructing complex circuitry in a very small space. General Format Questions 1. Describe how a computer can produce an incorrect answer when performing numerical computations even though it has not malfunctioned. ANSWER: Most students will probably refer to overflow and truncation errors. 2. Describe ho the concept of Hamming distance is used to produce an error-correcting code. ANSWER: By designing a code in which each pattern has a Hamming distance of n from any other pattern, patterns with fewer than n/2 errors can be corrected by replacing them with the code pattern that is closest. . a. What is the output of the circuit below? [pic] b. In general, how does the three-bit input pattern across the top of the diagram relate to the circuit’s output? ANSWER: a. 0 b. The output is 0 if the input parity is odd; the output is 1 if the input parity is even. 4. If the input and output bit patterns in the circuit below are interpreted as binary representations of numeric values, what operation does the circuit perform? [pic] ANSWER: T he circuit subtracts one (except for the case of the input being 000). . Explain why such terms as kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte have acquired double meanings. ANSWER: The prefixes kilo, mega, and giga are used traditionally to refer to units measured in powers of ten. However, due to the early misuse of the prefix kilo in reference to units of the size 1024, these prefixes are now often used to refer to units that are powers of two—especially when referring to the capacity of main memories. 6. Convert the following addition problem into two’s complement notation using four bits per value), perform the addition, convert the answer back into base ten notation, and explain the results. 6 + 3 ANSWER: In two’s complement notation the problem is to add 0110 and 0011. The sum is 1001 which translates to -7. This answer is incorrect due to overflow. 7. Under what condition is each of the following data compression techniques most effective? a. Run-length encoding b. Relative encoding ANSWER: a. Compresses most when data consists of long strings of the same entry. b. Compresses most when each block of data differs little from the previous block. 8. What is frequency-dependent encoding? ANSWER: Frequency-dependent encoding is an encoding system that uses short bit patterns to represent data items that occur most often and longer patterns to represent less frequently occurring items. The result is that entire blocks of data can be represented in less space than would be required if each data item were represented by the same size bit pattern. 9. Construct the entire two’s complement scale in which each value is represented by three bits. ANSWER: 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000 -1 111 -2 110 -3 101 -4 100 10. To what does the term â€Å"normalized form† refer in the context of floating-point notation? ANSWER: Normalized form refers to a standard for positioning the bit pattern within the mantissa field. Many values can be represented in floating-point notation by different bit patterns, only one of which is in normalized form. Hence, restricting representations to normalized form assures that each value is represented by a unique pattern. 11. Explain why the final version of the dictionary need not be transmitted with a message encoded using LZW compression. ANSWER: The dictionary can be constructed during decompression in the same way it was constructed during compression. 12. Among the Boolean operations AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and NOT, which is least like the others? Explain your answer. ANSWER: There is not really a right or wrong answer. The student’s explanation is the most important part. Most students will probably answer NOT because it has only one input whereas the others have two. 3. If a term paper consisted 42 pages, each containing 40 lines of 100 symbols each (counting each space as a symbol), was to be encoded using Unicode, how many bytes of storage space would be required? ANSWER: 336,000 bytes (168,000 symbols times 2 bytes per symbol) 14. Explain why adding only a few characters to a text file may increase the file’s size by several hundred bytes and at other times may not increase the fil e’s size at all. ANSWER: File space is allocated in terms of physical records, each of which is several hundred bytes in size. Thus, the size of a file grows by physical record units rather than by byte size units. 15. In a two’s complement system, what value can be added to any other value without causing an overflow? How many values in the system have this property? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Adding the value 0 to any other value will not produce an overflow. However, if m is the largest positive integer that can be represented in the system, then any value in the range 1 to m will produce an overflow when added to m, and any value in the range -1 to -( m + 1) will produce an overflow when added to -( m + 1). How to cite Test Bank Ch1, Papers

Food Matters Production of Food

Question: Describe about the Food Matters for Production of Food. Answer: Is food security really just about food? Brown, LR. The New Geopolitics of Food. The Food Issue, 2011: 57-62. The impact of the rising food prices was felt differently by people in New York, New Delhi and Jakarta. The higher the percentage of one's income is spent on buying food, greater is the impact of the rising food prices. The inflation in food prices can push the world's poorest into greater poverty and hunger. Food production is largely dependent on the availability of water for irrigation. As the world's aquifers get depleted of this valuable resource, more and more countries will be to depend on food imports, particularly that of wheat and rice. While several countries in the middle east are fast reaching such a state, India and China are at a high risk. With 20 million bore wells, India's farming is dependent on over-pumping of water. Soil erosion and poor quality of the soil have also begun to threaten crop yields in recent times. Influence of the rich nations over the poorer nations is now visible in the form leased crop lands. Most of the leased land is in Africa where the economically rich countries now grow crops to meet their demand of food. Among the countries that leased out or sold lands to richer nations are Ethiopia and Sudan. Even as millions go hungry and depend on United Nations program to meet their needs for food, their leaders have taken an anti-people decision. The ava ilability of irrigation water to Egypt from the Nile is likely to fall because water will be used for irrigation in Ethiopia and Sudan. What is worse is that these are secret deals that compromise the ability of indigenous people to till their own land and grow food. With climate change the dangers of low crop productivity loom large. The world needs to find ways to increase crop yields with less water and improve the condition of soil, this is the requirement of the future. Caswell, JA, and AL Yaktine. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2013 . The choice of which food to consume is made by consumers based on preferences within the household and the availability of resources to buy the food. But income is not the only driver of how food is consumed. Consumption also depends on the availability of time taken to procure the food from the market, time spent on cooking, consuming and cleaning after the process of cooking and eating is over. The value of time when factored in gives the indirect value of time required in consuming and procuring the food.As the size of a household increases more time is available because the time spent on preparation of food per head decreases. Just as the rich are too busy to prepare food on their own, time constraints may hamper cooking healthy meals for a poor household also. The need to do multiple jobs, work in night shifts and work in jobs that involve more physical effort may leave them less time for cooking healthy meals at home. The choice of foods consumed in a household can depend on several factors. Taste preferences, personal and social factors (eating unhealthy food or binge eating), employment status, acculturation, access to personal transport, availability of time, knowledge , skills and abilities about cooking, nutrition-related education, access to personal or public transport and food prices are factors that affect a person's ability to procure and consume food. Kearney, J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philosophical Transactions About the Royal Society B, 2010 : 365(1554): 27932807. The availability of food has improved over the past few decades due to improvements in agricultural practices. Food shortages and dependence on seasons for food has reduced to a great extent. Food consumption had increased by about 400 calories per person per day between 1971 to 2001. The developing countries saw an increase in the consumption of meat and vegetables, the developed countries registered an increased consumption of oil. A decline was seen in the consumption of tubers, roots and pulses in the forty year period between 1963 and 2003. A marked increase in consumption of sugar animal and dairy products and oil has been seen in the developed and the developing countries. The consumption of cereals is currently 70% in the developing countries, while in industrialized countries the intake of cereals is just 50%. By 2050, it is estimated that the decline will be up to 46 %. The global increase in consumption of wheat can be attributed to the increase in production in India and China. In Africa the calories obtained from maize have increased and shall continue to register an increase by the year 2050. Consumption of meat has registered an increased, while the developed world sources most of the meat from pigs, sheep and cattle. In India and Africa, goats and camels are the main source. The UK depends on chicken for most of its meat requirement. Processed meats are also consumed to a great extent. Eggs and dairy consumption patterns vary by country. Chin has seen its demand for eggs double in the past few decades while no increase was registered in India. Demand for butter and cheese has risen cross all countries. But the demand for milk dropped in North America but increased in the developing countries. These trends are projected to remain the same by the year 2050. Quisumbing, AR, LR Brown, HS Feldstein, L Haddad, and C Pena. Women: The Key to Food Security. Food Policy Report, Washington DC: The International Food Policy Research Institute, 1995. When women manage the food economics of the household the major fraction of the income is spent on ensuring food security of the family and the children are more likely to receive adequate nutrition than when men manage the spending of income. 90% of the Agricultural labour is done by women in Africa. In South Asia women are responsible for10-40% of the agricultural labour. The nutritional status of women and their weight before and during the pregnancy is a critical factor in weight of the baby at the time of birth. Lower than 2.5 kg weight at the time of birth puts the health of the child at significant risk till the age of seven. Discrimination in the distribution of nutritional requirement leads to higher mortality among girls as infants and in early childhood. Unmet nutritional needs are also accompanied with reduced attention from the mother and therefore care required by the infant girl child is deficient. In Latin America and Africa pro-male bias does not exist. Poverty is the main reason behind gender based inequities in food distribution in families. As the economic status of the family improves so does the nutritional status of the women. The role of women in ensuring that the vulnerable members of the household, such as, children get adequate nutrition in terms of protein, energy, micronutrients, minerals, clean water and hygiene is an important but overlooked contribution. Ensuring that more women can be trained and educated and get some form of employment other than agriculture might improve the food security of households. If women are empowered they would be able to ensure better nutritional status for the family and specifically focus on obtaining food rich in iron to meet the needs of lactating and nursing women in the family. Women's rights to own and till land can also help them guarantee the food security of the family. Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli. Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli C. Urbanization and its implPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. , 2010: 365(1554):2809-2820. The pattern of the way food is produced impacts the manner in which it is consumed. The number of people engaged in producing food is much smaller than the number of people who consume food. With increasing urbanisation trend is likely to remain the same. The changes in crop science have made agriculture more dependent on availability of energy, more land is now under cultivation than ever before, there is n increased dependence on water for irrigation, and green house gas emission due to mechanised farming has now increased. But even though agricultural production has increased, the problem of under-nutrition among urban populations has increased. The demands of increasing agricultural production will have to be met while keeping the green house emissions low, and adopt resilient agricultural practices. The number of people engaged in production of industrialized goods is constntly rising, but the contrary is true for the number of people engaged in primary production. And the growth of numbers of urban dwellers depends directly on the food produced by the rural population. The increase in the number of the urban aged is also a cause for concern. If they move to the rural areas it will cause urbanisation of the rural areas because the aged will require health services to be provided close to where they live.

jim morrison Essays (7695 words) - The Doors, Jim Morrison

Jim Morrison From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Jim morrison) Jump to: navigation, search For other persons named James or Jim Morrison, see James Morrison (disambiguation). Jim Morrison Morrison on a German postage stamp Background information Birth name James Douglas Morrison Born December 8, 1943(1943-12-08) Melbourne, Florida, U.S. Died July 3, 1971 (aged 27) Paris, France Genres Psychedelic rock, acid rock, blues-rock, hard rock Occupations Musician, Songwriter, Poet, Filmmaker Years active 1963?1971 Labels Elektra, Columbia Associated acts The Doors Rick & the Ravens Website http://www.thedoors.com/ James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 ? July 3, 1971) was an American singer, lyricist, poet, and amateur filmmaker. He was best known as the lead singer and lyricist of The Doors and is widely considered to be one of the most charismatic frontmen in rock music history.[1] He was also the author of several books of poetry[1] and the director of a documentary and short film. Although Morrison was known for his baritone vocals, many fans, scholars, and journalists have discussed his theatrical stage persona, his self-destructiveness, and his work as a poet.[2] He was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".[3] Contents [hide] 1 Early years 2 The Doors 3 Solo: poetry and film 4 Personal life 4.1 Morrison's family 4.2 Women in his life 4.3 Death 4.3.1 Grave site 4.4 Estate controversy 5 Artistic roots 6 Influence 7 Books 7.1 By Jim Morrison 7.2 About Jim Morrison 8 Films 8.1 By Jim Morrison 8.2 Documentaries featuring Jim Morrison 8.3 Films about Jim Morrison 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links [edit] Early years Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida to future Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Clarke Morrison. Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. He was of Irish and Scottish descent.[4] He reportedly had an I.Q. of 149.[5][6] In 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, where a family of Native Americans were injured and possibly killed. He referred to this incident in a spoken word performance on the song "Dawn's Highway" from the album An American Prayer, and again in the songs "Peace Frog" and "Ghost Song". Morrison believed the incident to be the most formative event in his life,[7] and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems, and interviews. Interestingly, his family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrison's family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. However, the book The Doors written by the remaining members of The Doors, explains how different Morrison's account of the incident was from the account of his father. This book quotes his father as saying, "We went by several Indians. It did make an impression on him [the young James]. He always thought about that crying Indian." This is contrasted sharply with Morrison's tale of "Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death". In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, "He enjoyed telling that story and exaggerating it. He said h e saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I don't even know if that's true." With his father in the United States Navy, Morrison's family moved often. He spent part of his childhood in San Diego, California. In 1958, Morrison attended Alameda High School in Alameda, California. However, he graduated from George Washington High School (now George Washington Middle School) in Alexandria, Virginia in June 1961. His father was also stationed at Mayport Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida. Morrison went to live with his paternal grandparents in Clearwater, Florida, where he attended classes at St. Petersburg Junior College. In 1962, he transferred to Florida State University (FSU) in Tallahassee, where he appeared in a school recruitment film.[8] While attending FSU, Morrison was arrested for a prank, following a home football game.[9] In January 1964, Morrison moved to Los Angeles, California to attend UCLA. Morrison attended Jack Hirschman's class on Antonin Artaud in

Kant ; Deontology Essays

Kant ; Deontology Essays Kant ; Deontology Essay Kant ; Deontology Essay When people think of Ethical Theory so the word ethical motives. regard. and honesty seem to come to mind. Kant devised an ethical theory that is broken down into major elements to explicate what he believes is ethical for society to believe. This is where the act of good will comes to existence and the nature of a person’s demeanour comes into how he or she decides what is the right or incorrect thing to make. When the Torahs are put into topographic point to assist people cognize what society has decided what is ethical. Following. would be the determination doing procedure of making what is right or incorrect. Looking at personal addition is non morally right and holding no regard for what is right is difficult for a individual to make up ones mind. He or she must hold the determination devising procedure developed or taught to guarantee successful results in ethical quandary. The major elements of Kant’s ethical theory is a individual should non utilize another as a means to fulfill a personal desire and that morality is based on cosmopolitan regulations much like what is referred as the Golden Rule. The rules of Kantianism have conjectural and categorical jussive moods. We have a responsibility to ourselves and to others and while we have the ability to apologize. our actions are non ever rational. When utilizing another as a means it should be without coercion or prevarication and the terminal should be such that they would be willing to being used. Actions necessitating the usage of misrepresentation are incorrect and unfair. One does non do false promises. For Kantians. regard for another individual is cardinal. The fact that we are rational is of infinite value: we can be after. take. and expect our hereafter. ( Stairs. 1997. Pg 4 ) . In Kantianism. justness ranks higher than felicity and if the act is non unfair so it is non immoral or incorrect. Kant idea of good will as a title done for wise ordinance motivations from a intent of duty. This instructs and benefits as a categorical jussive mood for all ethical judgements instead than bad or trusting facts ( Deontology A ; Kant. 2005 ) . Kant’s theory is fundamentally an illustration of deontological. which Judgess morality by reexamining the nature of actions and the will of agents instead than ends obtained. The system of deontology is supported by regulations and rules. which verify determinations. Kant proposed the categorical jussive mood. the positions that every individual should move on merely those methods that he or she. as a wise individual would direct as popular Torahs to be pertained to the whole of world ( Ethical Theories A ; Approaches. 2001 ) . Imperative includes handling others how he or she as a individual wants to be treated fundamentally esteeming others. Categorical jussive moods are necessities: * Actions base on balls or neglect * No grey areas * But the clefts appear in improbable topographic points ( Deontology and Kant. 2005 ) . In the determination devising procedure within the Kantian attack. ethical determinations are based on his or her sense of responsibility. The word responsibility is derived from the Grecian word Deon ( deontological ) . Duty refers to the Acts of the Apostless of a individual based on the rules of morality. In this determination doing attack a individual must do determinations based on what is right instead than the good effects that will follow. A individual must do the morally right determination regardless of the good or bad result. Categorical jussive mood is what determines whether an act is morally right or incorrect. The demands of categorical jussive moods are that moral rules are applied by esteeming humanity. All humanity is to be respected and no 1 is allowed to be exploited. In this deontological point of position a individual should move rational individual and do self-imposed determinations. In decision. Kant wants people to understand how to understand the ethical theory that society should follow. If a individual is looking for something in return for making a good title it is non considered a good title. If he or she does unto others how they want to be treated so that is the moral responsibility to make right by everyone. Good will is an of import ethical component in Kant’s theory because if a individual is non willing to make for others and non anticipating anything in return so the nature of things will be helter-skelter and order will be lost. This is where the determination doing procedure comes into drama significance if society chooses to assist others without thought of what is in it for them than good will has happened. Nature is where everything comes in balance and works in harmoniousness with one another. Peoples are portion of nature and following the elements of ethical theory is indispensable to mundane life in order to populate in a peaceable universe. Reference Stairs. A. ( 1997 ) . Kant’s Ethical Theory. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. stepss. umd. edu/140/kant. html Ethical Theories and Approaches. ( 2001 ) . Ethical Theories and Approaches. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //techsci. msun. edu Deontology and Kant. ( 2005 ) . Business and Ethical Thinking: An Ethic of Duty. Retrieved from: World Wide Web. bolo tie. game.

Innovation & Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation & Risk - Assignment Example (Chevron Corporation, 2014). In terms of functionality, this organisation can be stated to be dealing with every possible aspect of the oil and natural gas exploration along with production. Chevron Corporation also deals with aspects regarding generation and harvesting of geo-thermal energy along with manufacturing of industrial grade chemical product, which gives it a competitive advantage over other players which are relied upon the extraction and refining of crude oil sources (Young, 2012). Apart from these, the oil manufacturing giant has also been facing issues, which in turn can be linked up with other aspects such as environmental degradation, incapability of meeting the increasing power demand and deterioration of the climate within that geographical area in which it is operational. Therefore, taking into consideration these issues, Chevron Corporation will have to bring about innovation within its functionality and manufacturing procedure, which in turn will ensure the growth opportunity of this oil m anufacturing giant within multiple domestic and international markets in the long run (Young, 2012). In this provided context, steps to protection of the surrounding environment can be considered as the background of the strategic innovation within the corporation. This entire report has been structured by taking into consideration the secondary available data including websites, online journals and news articles. Additionally, the scope of this analysis will be stretched to multiple areas, which are related to fuel production and power generation. The details of these mentioned analysis has been elaborated in the discussion section (Helman, 2013). Chevron Corporation, being the third rank holder within the fortune 500 companies in the year 2013, still face the risk of losing its ground if the legal charges against the environmental degradation done by

Reading response 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response 8 - Assignment Example The author builds his hypothesis that some characteristics of modern language might seem to be â€Å"fossils† of the previous stages of evolution. Jackendoff’s explanation of the use of symbols is presented in a complex manner where the actual purpose of the author is lost, according to me. He gives examples of different words uttered by a child and cites literature as the background of his discussion. He mentions that at a very early stage a child can distinguish between proper and common nouns. He then switches suddenly to use of situational one word and also single word answers which he perceives as â€Å"fossils† of the â€Å"one-word stage† of evolution of language. However the main essence of expression without syntax and yet symbolic meaning is not clearly expressed especially when he compares with the systematic yes and no utterances. In certain instances the author himself does not seem to be clear about the reality and it is more of an opinion based approach when he thinks that the learning process of apes is like children initiating habit of reading and is quite effortful in nature. However one keen and realistic observation he makes here is the distinction between grammar and vocabulary learning. A person with good vocabulary might have lesser sense of grammar. The ability to imitate plays the important role here and here the author’s inference shows clarity and logical deduction. The author brings up an interesting topic of word order which might affect the essence of communication. He however does not explain this more simplistically with the help of grammar and syntax. It is difficult to understand what the author is trying to point out in this section. Is he trying to say that communication or expression should follow grammar in modern system of language? He even brings in the cases of special children to whom learning signs is the only option to express them. So is grammar necessary when symbolic expressions or

Comparison of J.S. Bachs Fugues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of J.S. Bachs Fugues - Essay Example This was Bach's training ground. Bach's professional career commenced in 1700 as a chorister in Luneburg, followed by positions as an organist in Arnstadt, Muhlhausen, and Weimar up until 1717. It was his appointment in the ducal court at Weimar in 1708 where he started to compose fugues using contrapunctual 1techniques. In 1707 he composed the Little Organ Fugue in G minor (BWV 578), also known as the "Little Fugue" or "Little G minor". This music was originally written for the organ. As a typical fugue, the music commences with a brief musical theme, so called its subject, represented by a lone musical voice. This first voice continues and another enters to play the subject. Other voices enter one by one until there are several independent musical voices at play, developing the piece of music. The Little Fugue starts the subject in a minor key, but ends in with a (G) major chord, which was characteristic of Baroque fugues of the time that were written in the minor keys. Bach composed "The Art of Fugue", or "Die Kunst de Fugue" (BWV 1080) in 1748-1749 in Leipzig, where he was the Kantor 2of St Thomas's.

Factors that Influence Communication

Factors that Influence Communication There are many ways of communicating and the way we communicate is key factor of what we really are trying to put across. Factors that may influence our communication are; eye contact, body language (i.e. posture), tone of voice, gesture, and facial expression. Here are examples of how each of those would influence the way we communicate. Eye contact allows us to guess another persons thought and feelings by just look at their eyes. For example if I was talking to someone and they were looking away Id get the feeling that they are bored and not interested. Also if I was talking to someone and during the conversation I raised my eye it suggest that I am listening and excited or either shocked depending on the topic. Body Language. Posture is part of our body language. For example if I was talking to a boy I liked Id be facing towards him and chatting, however if my body was not facing towards hom this suggest that I am not really interested. Also if when sitting down chatting to a person if they are leaning back this can send the message that they are either relaxed or bored, however if they are leaning forward this implies that they are interested. Tone of voice Our tone of voice is really important when conversing. For example if you talk really fast and loud this may suggest that you are angry. However if you talk in a slow calm voice then this shows that you are rather being friendly. Gesture Gesture is the movement of the arm, hand and head used to help us understand what a person is trying to say. For example when trying to communicate but speech is not possible people use hand gestures. The common hand gestures are the peace sign (the index and middle finger raised and apart), okay gesture (closed fist held with the thumb extended upward) and the not okay (closed fist held with the thumb extended downward). Face Expressions Our face usually shows our emotional state. Our facial expression shows whether we are sad, angry, happy ,surprised scared etc. For instance, if someones facial expression was a big smile and wide eyes this may suggest that they are happy. P4: Explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. M2: Review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. P4: There are many communication barriers. The message the sender is sending may not be understood by the receiver in the correct way and for that reason there is a communication breakdown. There are the communication barriers; Deafness Blindness Dumb/Muteness Language Slang Environment M2: I will also review the strengthens and weaknesses of the strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Blindness Blindness is the loss of sight/vision. To overcome the barrier of blindness, braille and speech can be used to communicate. Braille is a writing system used by blind people to be able to read, Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. For example in a care home, the lunch menu can be written in braille for a person who cant see the menu. Also another way to overcome this barrier is by either having a big print menu or spectacles for the client so that its clearer. In addition using language to describe things is a very useful way to communicate to a blind person for example when meeting a blind person it is effective to make them aware that you are there and who you are and also what you may look like? The advantages of using braille is that braille allows the visually impaired to understand quicker and get things done easily and faster as well as allowing them to be more independent . The disadvantages are the not all visually impaired people know how to use braille also not all peoples fingers are sensitive enough to use it. I believe that braille is effective as it makes the visually impaired very independent and makes life a lot easier. I believe that braille could be more effective if it had been taught in schools to everyone not just the mainstream students. This will not only benefit the visually impaired but someone who is not visually impaired because in life if they do come across a blind person they will be able to still communicate with them. Deafness Deafness is the loss of sound. To overcome the barrier of deafness sign language can be used to communicate. Sign language is using gesture and signs to communicate to a deaf person for example at a hospital a deaf patient can communicate with their doctor using sign language .Another way to overcome the barrier of hearing disability are by using clear speech so that the person can lip-read, this will involve using a lot of eye contact because you would need to make your face visible for the person trying to lip-read. Also using technological aids to communicate is also very effective, these are facilities to help with communication for example hearing aids are small devices that goes behind ones ear which strengthen a persons hearing. The advantage of using sign language is The disadvantage of using sign language is that light is always need, people cannot communicate with each other in the dark also not all hearing impaired people know sign language Dumb/muteness Dumb/Muteness is the inability of speech and is often associated or linked with deafness. However, the technological aid of text-to-speech can overcome this barrier .Text-to-speech is computerised equipment that allows a muted person to type what they want to say and then it will translate into speech form. Also makatons can be used to overcome this barrier. Makaton is a language programme for developing language using speech, signs and symbols. For example in a childcare centre Makaton is used a lot with pre-speech babies and toddlers like picture cards and gestures. Environment: (Space. Noise. Location. ) Space- The space between people is very important when communicating because little space between two can make a person uncomfortable .For example if à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.wanted to talk to..and the space between them was 1 finger away from each other and its someone you arent close to then the person may feel very uncomfortable and may not be listening probably or is not giving the right responses back or even too much of a distance can lead to misunderstanding. Noise- If there is a lot of background noise it will be harder for people to hear each other when communicating and mixed messages may be received. Language: Language can become a barrier as the person you may be trying to communicate with may not be able to speak the same language so therefore the communication is received but not understood. However, to overcome this barrier interpreters/translator are people who will translate and forward your message to the person who you are trying to communicate with by talking to them in their language. For example if the doctor only spoke English but his patient would only be able to speak Turkish a Turkish interpreter would translate to her what the doctor is saying to her or if the doctor does know how to speak Turkish he should use his patients preferred language. Slang Slang is an informal way of speaking which consists of words and phrases that may not be found in the standard dictionary. Slang is mostly used by the younger generation within specific social groups and communities. It consists of words shortened as well as words such as piff which would mean good looking or sick which means cool/awesome. Jargon is quite similar but it is not informal, it is technical terminology words and phrases used by particular professions. For example a doctor uses the scientific terminology for DNA which is deoxyribonucleic acid rather than DNA. To overcome this barrier it is best to avoid using slang and use the formal standardized English.

Winter Olympics :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome to the 2002 winter Olympics men’s bobsledding finals. We have gone though many icy events today but one of my personal favorites, bobsledding, is now ready to rumble. We will be going though three different rounds. All four competitors will race against the clock. The three teams with the lowest combined time will move on while the last remaining team will be eliminated. They will move on to two more final race which their scores will be combined to receive the metals. On track one is the Jamaican team coached by Lamar Dabua and is sponsored by the Coconut Canyon. On track two is the two time finalist the U.S.A team looking for that third chance for the gold and is coached by Bob Morin. On track three is a beginning team for Brazil that is coached by Travair Lapidaz which commented that the team feels they are lucky to have gotten this far and are still going to make this sport fun with a competitive attitude. And on the final track are Norway†™s finest bobsledders that are coached by Brillin Concoordz. These teams will be racing down an icy track at speeds well over 90 mph. All teams have a regulated sled for fair speeds. As we get ready to start we ask all contestants to have a good attitude and good luck to you all. The flag is now rising. And they are off. Down the tasks they go. Now zooming as fast as speeds of lightning. So far it is close. They still have mileage to go. Here they go rounding the biggest and the sharpest corner of them all. From here it looks like the U.S.A team is ahead but very close behind is the Jamaican team. The Norway team looks like they are getting off balance. Yes, they are. It looks like they are going to tip. They are! We are having paramedics down there right away. Now the three teams that are competing are getting more and more spread apart. With the U.S.A team still in the lead there is no question that things could go wrong and turn this race around. Speaking of that, it looks like the all teammates of Norway has successfully gotten out with no broken bones but I’m sure they will be a few cuts and browses. All teams that are still racing will move on and yes, Norway team is eliminated.

Office Dakota Products Case Analysis

Office Dakota Products Case Analysis Course: BUSA 5061 Managerial Accounting Students Name: Teresa Willette Professors Name: Dr. Conner/Dr. Pollard Date 3/20/2011 Executive Summary The following analysis is written for Dakota Office Products to evaluate current business operations and recommend future actions necessary to ensure company success. In the analysis of the company we will identify inefficient business practices that have led to the companies first profit loss in its history. We will evaluate the companys current pricing structure, ordering methods, shipping and delivery process, and deficiencies in cash flows. For Dakota Office Products (DOP), its existing costing system was inadequate because it is incapable of accounting for even all of the known costs such as the desktop delivery service as well as hidden costs such as the ten percent DOP paid to maintain its working capital line of credit for accounts receivable. Using the Activity Based Costing(ABC) methodology can be utilized to also improve processes and identify opportunities to improve business effectiveness and efficiency by determining the true or real costs of a given product or service. ABC principles are used to focus management's attention on the total cost to produce a product or service, and as a basis for full cost recovery of a production or service process. Background Information The company under the study, Dakota Office Products, is an established and reputed player under this segment. They were regional distributors for office supplies and the major clientele served by the company included institutional and commercial clients. It dealt with all kind of office supplies starting from all kinds of writing equipment to papers and other office supplies. The company has been able to carve a good name for itself in the industry. The company had also arranged for several distribution centers where the shipments were required to be unloaded and packed into cartons meant to be delivered to the respective customers. In order to increase the utility for its customers, the company had introduced the desk top option for its valued customers. Under this option, the company will use its own fleet to directly deliver the goods at the customers premises. The company charged a small additional amount of upto 2% of the marked price for this additional value added service. This decision was made keeping in mind that such a decision could boost the margins of the company. The company had the policy of marking the sales price by 15% over and above the purchase price. This policy was framed o ensure that the overheads and transportation cost of the materials could be made up from the mark up. The company would then add another mark up to ensure coverage of general expenses and contribution of the company. The mark up decision was taken at the beginning of the year based on the projected cost of the different products of the company. Key Issues The management is faced with major pricing and costing issue for its products. The company has been using the traditional costing method to compute the cost of the product provided to the clients. The company then adds a mark up as per its policy to come up at the selling price of the product. As a result of not following the Activity Based Costing, the company has not been able to cost the products realistically. This has lead to mispricing of the products and resultant overall loss to the company. The fact that an increase in sales has not lead to an increased profits, instead, it has resulted in increased losses has exposed the limitations of the cost accounting system of the company. The company has not been able to increase its profits. This has led the management to believe that the existing cost accounting system has some serious flaws which needs to be rectified on an immediate basis so as to avoid making bad decision leading to losses to the company. The company should now be contemplating the implementation of Activity based costing system so as to ensure proper recording of information which will lead to optimum decision making for the company as a whole thus contributing to the growth of the company through increased profitability. The key issue presented in front of the management is the possible steps to be taken by the management in order to avoid such losses. Critical Thought The issue addressed by the accounting system of Dakota office products invites our attention to the premise of Activity Based costing methodology. We are certain about the fact that the accounting and reporting system at Dakota Office Product is inappropriate and is leading to the company making wrong decision ultimately leading to losses. This was apparent from the record where the company was able to increase its sales without a corresponding increase in the profits for that particular year. Activity based costing system is an approach which seeks to allocate the overhead cost to the products on a scientific and realistic basis. The existing system of allocating cost at Dakota Office products were inadequate in so much so that it was following an unreasonable basis for allocating the cost, which were known and visible, such as the desktop delivery cost. The existing system was suffering from oversight of some of the expenses. ABC costing system seeks to overcome the problem of oversight and make a more reasonable allocation of the costs. The distinctive feature of this method is the fact that the method can provide useful insights to the management as to the activities which are leading to the cost by identifying the cost drivers, rates and the number of activity undertaken. This can also help the management redesign the operational system such that the costs associated with the products are reduced. We must also note that the traditional method of costing adapted by Dakota Office Products are typically designed for companies who are dealing with only a single product, or homogeneous products. However Dakota Office Products have come to a stage that they are dealing in multiple products such as writing instruments to copier to pages, thus it makes the traditional costing method even more impractical to be followed by the company. This company was dealing in numerous products and was also making strides in adapting varied operational methodologies such as the desktop delivery or the sales through e commerce internet sites. The operations of the company are such that it would be apt for the company to establish a cost driver rates and apply those rates in the products of the company. The cost driver rates could also be used by the company while applying the cost overheads to some other products that the company may be planning in the future. The existing system of the company involves use of many activities and the company has been able to regularize the operations of the company and is clear about the operational goals that need to be fulfilled by the company. The company is dealing in an industry where the products are quite heterogeneous in nature and once the products are purchased there is very little scope of application of direct materials or labor. The major cost that is expected to be incurred is the overhead costs which are factual dependent upon the number of activities undertaken to accomplish the task. The cost drivers need to be ascertained before the application of the cost drivers to the number of activities attributable to the product as regards the particular activity. Alternate Solution A noteworthy fact is that the company has posted increased losses in spite of an increase in overall sales of the company. The objective of the exercise is to let the management be aware of the reasons as to why the company has osted losses even after an increase in the sales. Moreover, the management needs to be shown the way by which the company could remedial action so that the managements direction is towards the right direction. The alternate solution available to the company could be enlisted as follows Increase in selling price of the products Review the accounting procedures and implement the change required in accounting proc edures Discontinue the product which reports a loss We will make a brief study of the above alternatives before forming an opinion on any of the alternatives. As the company is operating in a competitive market, so an increase in selling price of the products is expected to have far reaching repercussions in the sense that the company could go on to lose clients and contracts which could lead to even lower sales and higher losses. Moreover, the existing accounting procedure is inappropriate to produce the actual cost of the product. The computation of actual cost of the product is important in the backdrop of the company policy to add a mark up on the cost price of the goods. If the accounting system is inappropriate to calculate the cost of the cost, then it would be inappropriate to add a mark up on the goods based on the cost as produced by the existing accounting procedure. A review of the accounting procedure is duly called for as the existing accounting procedure is not appropriate. The accounting procedure is not apt for a company having multiple products and multiple processes, and very little expenses on the direct materials and labor. Application and implementation of the ABC system will be able to contribute to the accounting procedure adapted by the company. A product which is not able to contribute to the overall profits of the company could be considered to be discontinued. However, the decision of the product to be discontinued lies with the management and the accounting system. As mentioned earlier, the accounting system is not fit, so the company should first implement an ABC costing system in order to make proper decision regarding the costing and pricing of various products as well as the costing of servicing various clients. Implementation Measures and Follow up Dakota was following the traditional method of allocating overheads across the product lines. The overheads were not allocated to the products based on the activity undertaken for the manufacture of the product. This led to mispricing of the product and also led to difficulty in taking optimum decision for the company as a whole. The company had incurred losses in spite of an increase in sales, because the company was selling a product at a loss (which was not detected by the traditional costing system). We need to identify the activities on which the cost is dependant, in order to calculate the cost driver rate. The following are the activities identified Processing of Cartons (Activity 1) Service Involving Desktop Delivery (Activity 2) Order Handling (Activity 3) Data Processing and Entry (Activity 4) Activity 1 Amount of Expenses = Warehouse Personnel Expense (90%) + Items Purchased = 90%*2400000+35000000 = 2160000 + 35000000 = 37160000. Activity Driver (Processing of Carton) = 80000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 1 = 37160000 / 80000 = $ 464. 5 per carton. Activity 2 Amount of Expenses = Warehouse Personnel Expense (10%) + Delivery Truck Expense = 10%*2400000+200000 = 240000 + 200000 = 440000 Activity Driver (Desktop Delivery) = 2000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 2 = 440000 / 2000 = $ 220 per carton. Activity 3 Amount of Expenses = Warehouse Expense + Freight = 2000000+450000 = 2450000 Activity Driver (Orders) = 16000+8000 = 24000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 3 = 2450000 / 24000 = $ 102. 083 per order. Activity 4 Amount of Expenses = Order Entry Expenses = 800000 Activity Driver (Orders Line) = 150000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 4 = 800000 / 150000 = $ 5. 3 per line. The implementation involves computing the profitability of the two clients A Sales Cost Gross Margin No of Cartons Ordered 464. 5 92900 9290 0 B 1040 103000 00 8500 85000 0 1900 18000 0 Desktop Deliveries 220 Order Handling 102. 083 1224. 996 Data Entry 5. 33 Total Cost 319. 8 94444. 8 959. 4 1095 67. 7 5567. 7 1020 8. 3 0 5500 Contribution 8555. 204 The following are t he main causes of difference in profitability between the two customers Customer B has a desktop deliver of 25 whereas customer A has none. The number of data entry for customer B is 180 whereas it is about 60 for customer A. References Michael H. Granof, David E. Plat, Igor Vaysman. (2000). Using Activity-Based Costing to Manage More Effectively. http://costkiller. net/tribune/Tribu-PDF/Using-Activity-BasedCosting-to-Manage-More-Effectively. pdf Rockford Consulting, retrieved March 21, 2011, from http://rockfordconsulting. com/activitybased-costing%20(ABC). htm Value based management, retrievd March 21, 2011, from http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_abc. html Dakota Products Case Office Analysis Course: BUSA 5061 Managerial Accounting Students Name: Teresa Willette Professors Name: Dr. Conner/Dr. Pollard Date 3/20/2011

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam Oral exams–tests during which teachers ask students to answer exam questions aloud–can be undoubtedly stressful, but there are a number of ways to prepare for nontraditional testing or reporting methods like this. Though oral exams are most common for language learners, they are increasingly prevalent across other subjects because they allow teachers to cater syllabuses to students with a variety of  learning styles. Key Takeaways Stay positive during your exam preparations.Oral exams can be stressful, but they are valuable practice for potential future interviews.Know your subject better than you think you need, and practice using movement intentionally to emphasize your main points.Don’t forget to eat well, sleep enough, and drink plenty of water leading up to your exam. Exercise can also help release nervous energy.Take your time answering questions during your exam, and don’t be afraid to ask for help if you need it!   Stay Positive Instead of psyching yourself out about what could possibly go wrong, remind yourself how much you have learned and what you have the chance to share with your teacher. An optimistic outlook can banish nerves and bring excitement to any exam. Even if you prefer traditional pen-and-paper tests, oral exams can help you succeed beyond the classroom. They provide you with valuable interview-like experience to prepare you to smash your future educational and career goals. Here are a few tips and tricks to help you prepare for your next oral exam.   Know Your Subject Successfully completing an oral exam starts with knowing the material you will be discussing. The best part about these kinds of tests is that you already have all the answers. Teachers won’t ask you anything you haven’t been taught, so you will only need to discuss the material that has been presented to you in lectures, text, and video. With that being said, there are a few things that will ease some of the pressure of reciting this learned material.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dig Deeper The best way to start preparing for an oral exam is to take a personal interest in the material. Knowing more about your topic than what is mandatory will help you predict questions that your teacher might ask. It will also give you more to talk about. Learn the background story of historical figures, authors, scientists, and explorers, even if you don’t think you need to. Many of the world’s greatest mathematical and scientific discoveries were only made because of something that happened in the discoverer’s person life. Did you know that Darwin was going to turn down his trip to the Galapagos because his father disapproved? The person we have to thank for On the Origin of Species is Darwin’s uncle (and father-in-law) who firmly believed Darwin’s discoveries would provide evidence to support Biblical claims.   Not only does digging deeper give you a better understanding of your topic, but you also have more content to talk about. If you if fully understand the ins and out of your subject, you won’t ever run out of things to say.   Predict Questions Now that you know your subject, you can begin to contemplate what your teacher might ask you. The best place to start is with the material you already have. Use previous quizzes and exams, essay prompts, and even the questions at the end of chapters to help you formulate answers. It will also be helpful for you to understand the general theme and purpose of your exam. Knowing the purpose of your exam–the topic on which you are being tested–makes crafting answers easier because you have a goal in mind. For example, if your geography teacher asks you how the climate and geographical feature affected the U.S. troops in Vietnam, you know that your answer should be built off of mountains, rivers, and weather patterns more than the success or failure of the troops because the exam is about geography. Similarly, your French teacher may ask you about a film you recently saw, but the content of the film doesn’t matter as much as your ability to conjugate verbs and use the past tense. When predicting questions, remember that one question can best asked a hundred different ways. Words like outline, describe, and detail are different ways of saying â€Å"tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Be prepared for these trigger words by asking yourself the same question a few different ways. â€Å"Chunk† Your Content When crafting your answers, try to â€Å"chunk† or group bits of information together rather than trying to remember everything as a whole. Think about the way a book is written–not as one massive piece of text, but a story divided into digestible bits with a common thread that ties them all together. Turn your exam into a story so when your teachers asks you about the economic climate of Thailand after colonization, you can follow your thread through your story without being overwhelmed, and you can easily recall and answer confidently that Thailand was never technically colonized. Use Intentional Movements It is perfectly normal to move around when you are nervous–to fidget with your clothes, to not sit still, to pace back and forth–because movement is a way to release some of that nervous energy, but it can detract from what you are saying because your exam administrator is more focused on your actions. In order to combat distraction while still releasing nervous energy, practice intentional movements. Watch Yourself The best and easiest way to practice is to first know how you move. Sit or stand in front of a mirror or use a camera or a cell phone to you can record and re-watch yourself answering questions. Don’t think too much about how you should or shouldn’t move; this is just a self-assessment. Once you understand how you tend to release nervous energy, you can take the appropriate steps to make your movements more intentional and useful for your exam. Watch Others The greatest presenters and speakers in the world aren’t those who sit or stand completely still, but rather those who use movement and nonverbal communication to emphasize what they are saying. For example, speakers will often take three or four long strides toward the audience to emphasize the importance what they are saying. They use hand gestures and facial expressions that add to the significance of understanding of a topic. Before your oral exam, take some time to watch other speakers and presenters. This can be as simple as watching TED Talks on YouTube. Note how speakers sit, stand, or walk, how they gesture, and how they answer questions. Develop Intentional Movement Practice answering questions using movements and nonverbal communication that you have observed. Lay newspaper on the floor or under your seat to make you more conscious of your movements. If you can’t seem to steady your hands, hold on to a paperclip during your exam. And remember, movement to release nervous energy is perfectly normal, and the most important focus for your oral exam is the content, not your gestures. Physical and Mental Wellness You might have spent days, weeks, or even months preparing for your exam, but if you drink too much coffee or don’t get enough sleep, all that preparation could be in vain. Remember that taking care of yourself, both physically and mentally, is reflected in your capabilities and how you perform. Take care of your mind and body, and in turn, they will take care of you.   Nutrition In the days leading up to your exam, drink enough water (aim for eight large glasses every day), get enough sleep (adults need no less than seven hours of sleep per night), and eat whole, healthy foods. On the morning of the exam, eat a light, energizing breakfast, and limit your caffeine intake. You don’t need any extra jitters!   Exercise Remember that nervous energy we talked about earlier? It is caused by cortisol, the stress hormone. Increasing your heart rate eliminates cortisol. If you can, try to get to the gym in the days leading up to your exam.   Presentation There is something to be said about the clichà ©, dress well, test well. Pick out your clothes the night before so you don’t have to fumble through your closet in the morning. Wear something comfortable and breathable that you won’t need to tug at during your exam.   Take Your Time Teachers firing questions at you can feel overwhelming, but remember that there is no need to rush into your answers. Take a moment after each question to digest what information has just been requested from you and organize your thoughts accordingly. If your teacher asks you to describe Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas, take a moment to recall what your know about Columbus. You know how the voyage was funded, you know the names of the ships, you know how long the journey took because you prepared for the exam. Now that your thoughts are in order, begin to tell your teacher the story of the legendary voyage across the sea.   Ask For Help Your teachers and professors want you to succeed. They are there to help you reach your goals and prepare you for future career endeavors. Visit them before or after school, during breaks, at lunch, or during office hours. Meet with them if you are confused or stuck or you simply want to talk through an idea. Teachers are also normally the ones administering the oral exams, meaning they have created the criteria you need to meet to be successful. They are your most valuable resources and your strongest allies.

Critically Review The Performannce Of Organisations And Partnerships Tourism Essays

Critically Review The Performannce Of Organisations And Partnerships Tourism Essays Critically Review The Performannce Of Organisations And Partnerships Tourism Essay Critically Review The Performannce Of Organisations And Partnerships Tourism Essay In this eassy, I will knock the construct of sustainable touristry development can be implement in a finish and I will utilize a instance survey in Hong Kong to look into how the Hong Kong authorities clarifies the construct of sustainable development. Furthermore, to look into how the Hong Kong authorities implements that concept to the public and private sectors and to analyze the cooperations for these two parties. Finally, to see all the jobs involve the execution and the impacts for and from those stakeholders even to warrant the sustainble development in Hong Kong is success or non. The construct of sustainable was non an advanced term ; sinces 1970[ 1 ]sustainable will concentrate on the balances of economic and with enviornmental support. In 1987[ 2 ], the United Nation has defined that the construct of sustainable were concerns about the developments can fit with the current demands without delicate or over focus the future genernation demands. In 2004[ 3 ], World Tourism ad ministration has defined that sustainable development were demands to equilibrate the economic, social-cultural and environtment these three dimenisons, WTO has clarifies three points in ths definitions, optimum usage of environmental resouces, repect the social-cultural and the host community, and careful the long term altering jobs and equilibrate the struggles and benefits between all of the stakeholders. Therefore, in different times the definions of sustainable will more complex. In the undermentioned content will analyze How Hong Kong authorities to place the construct of sustainable development, How they implement the construct, what are the issues and impact of the implement procedure, How public and private sectors cooperate. Hong Kong as a particular administrative regionsA of theA People s Republic of China, taking international fiscal Centres, with a majorA capitalistA service economic system characterised by low revenue enhancement, free trade and minimal authorities intercession under the ethos ofA positive non-interventionism[ 4 ]. Here were two administrations helping the Hong Kong touristry industry, the Hong Kong touristry board and Toursim committee. Hong Kong Toursim board[ 5 ]was to market and advance Hong Kong, and to heighten the tourer experience. Tourism committee[ 6 ]was managing enhance the touristry installations and back up all the touristry developments.A The major strengths of Hong Kong are near the mainland China which mean the cooperation and interdependent relationship are high, the cross-cultural features because Hong Kong a settlement of theA British Empire most of the people can talk in English which tourer can easy to pass on to local occupants. But the major failings of Hong Kong are no cultural which mean Hong Kong was lost the individuality, overcrowding and the air pollution are besides the of import jobs which affect the toursit did nt wish Hong Kong. In 1997, the Hong Kong Tourist Association in coaction with the Industry Department commissioned the Hong Kong Productivity Council to plan an Environmentally Sustainable Development Strategy ( ESDS ) for Hong Kong s travel and touristry industry[ 7 ]. This was a quite focal point undertaking to implement the sustainable touristry, the objectivies are concerns the changing and impacts of the touristry and travel industry, and to equilibrate the societal, enviornmental, economic quality and the local demands. The undertaking focal point on four countries, Environmental Management which agencies enhance the environmental quuality and promote industries take action for this issue. Sustainable Training, Education and Public Awareness, which means to edcuate all the industries members and to supply necessary techniques to them to execute the undertaking. Facilitating Exchange of Information, Skills and Technology Related to sustainable Travel and Tourism Development, which mean to pass on with the industries memebers, staffs, clients and local commuities.Landuse Planning and New Tourism Product Development, which means concern about the equal use of the land and conserving the local environment and civilization. Morover, this undertaking were include the Association of Better Business A ; Tourism, Board of Airline Representatives, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Catering Industry Association, Hong Kong Hotels Association ; Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Tourist Board, Planning A ; Lands Bureau, Public Omnibus Operators Association, Tourism Commission, Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong. For the holistic sustain touristry developmet, Harmonizing to the study of sustainable development for the twenty-first century[ 8 ], the general perceptual experiences of the populaces of sustabinable development were balance the economic and the quality of live for the local community, the constructs should non merely concentrate on enonomic dimension it need to affect the environmental and societal facets. Many consultees sugguest that ; on behalf the chief organic structure of the Hong Kong society, the Hong Kong authorities should use the construct of sustable development in statute law. Furthermore, the study has generated about eight countries involve the sustaniable development, follow by Economy, Health, natual resources, Social Infrastructure, Biodiversity, Cultural Vibrancy, Environment Quality, Moblity. For the encoomic point of positions, most of the local people thought that Hong kong as a stable economic metropolis and contain sweetening of the labour force, a strong base of little and average endeavor. Tourism was an of import portion of the Hong Kong economic system but it will happen a batch of impacts, the demands of balance the societal, enviornmental, and economic facets were indispensable. On the Health point of positions, the hygiene criterion was low is the of import job of Hong Kong. Guaranting that Hong Kong s H2O and nutrient supplies, whether locally produced or imported, were free of pollution and disease was seen as a major concerns. Natural resouces were concerns about the overcrowding, deficiency of life infinite, and the quality of land. Most of the local occupants stressed from overcrowding, land utilizing demand to supervise and contorl by the authorities. The polluter wages construct should necessitate to implement. Social substructure was focus on the moral and ethical criterion in Hong Kong. Education can be use to educate the sustainable constructs to the communities. Biodiversity attention about to forestall and protected local ecoliogical system, it needs to mininize and aviod the harm for the ecological system in Hong Kong. Cultural Vibrancy considerd to protect and forestall the recreational, cultural, archeological, historical and architectural assets. Environmental Quality concerned the air, H2O, noise pollution were the cardinal jobs impacting the local occupant wellness Moboility wage attending to the public transit in Hk. Public conveyance can make an entree from one manner to another and it will bring forth a batch of pollutions. Therefore, the cycling line and pathway will go more of import to cut down the local occupant use the public transpor.t Furthermore, the study issued a reseach to see the general populaces understanding for the construct sustainable development. However, the consequence showed that general populaces non truly understand the construct of sustainable developmemt. Over 90 % respondents didnt knew the construct of sustainable developnet, but have 46 % knew that sustainable constructs need to concern the enviornmental, societal, and economic facets. About 70 % respondents take the economic system was the first precedence for the hereafter development of Hong Kong. Although the planning section implement the 2nd phase audience exercising and redefined the construct of development ; Sustainable Development in Hong Kong balances societal, economic, environmental andA resourceA demands, both for nowadays and future coevalss, at the same time accomplishing a vivacious economic system, societal advancement and aA high qualityA environment, locally, nationally and internationally, through the attempts of the comm unity and the Government[ 9 ]. However, the eight countries still non hold any redefined the contents still are the same with the yesteryear and because of the struggles between those stakeholders, the confuse of the construct of sustantainable development, the range and graduated table were excessively big, and the state of affairs were continue altering. Therefore, the authoritiess still non hold any execution for that construct. The undertaking were affect the touristry industy members or non touristry industies members, non authorities orgnisations, Professional Institutions, Universities, Tertiary Institutes and Teacher Associations. At the consequence, for the execution of the construct of sustainable toursim development in Hong Kong was non success. Here is one major ground ; this is the ambiguity of the construct of sustanable development. Accoding to Bulter ( 1999 )[ 10 ], the current job of sustainable development was hard to specify for different interest holders. Because different sectors will hold different perceptual experiences of the construct of sustainable development, different sectors will hold different demands for their ain positions such as industries want to acquire more money, they will desire more tourers come to Hong Kong, they will non care about the negative impacts of it but the local communities will acquire crowd and annoy for the addition figure of tourer, they will acquire unhappy. Therefore, for the little or holistic sustainable touristry development, it s really hard to equilibrate different stakeholder demands and wants. Mention to the study for be aftering deparment, the decision showed that the construct of sustainable toursim development was still reasoning. Therefore, for the ground of confuse the construct of sustainable development, the range and graduated table are hard to sort and idenfiy. The Hong Kong authoritiess still have non thoughts of what are the countries need to prolong or necessitate to prolong foremost, what is the better execution, holistic or little undertaking? What are being proctor and step? What are the cardinal stakeholders should be involved? Morover, the touristry policies ca nt be implement, when puting the policy, it needs to cognize what the cardinal things are traveling to contorl or restrict, what are the standards for the penalities and exclusions? However, the argue are still continue, there are merely small actions for the public and private sectors such as cut down the wastage, cut down the discharge for toxic substances, recycle the wastage. To sum up this eassy, the construct of sustainable touristry development has been discussed and the execution of this construct in Hong Kong has been criticized and eaxmined. There are some of import jobs can be find out, the construct of sustainable touristry developmetn still confounding, the general public consciousness and cognition of sustainable touristry development are low, sustainable touristry development will go more and more complex and troubles of this construct will go higher. Therefore, when Hong Kong govrnment want to implement the cocept of sustainable touristry development, it needs to get down at the little graduated table foremost such as implement in Mui Wo. Because when the graduated tables become little, the jobs and impacts will little excessively. The whole undertaking can more concentrate beacause there are merely litte stakeholders involve such as the local occupant in Mui Wo, the industries members, authorities, and local cmmunity groups.When seeking to eq uilibrate the struggles between those stakeholders, it will go more easy because the demands are low. The policy implement will travel easy because the contorl and restriction are litte. Therefore, the whole procedure will travel more smooth but little scale implement can merely in short term, for long term aspects the holistic implement is indispensable. However, it needs to refer the timing, the advancement, the impacts and altering, budget, stakeholder satisfactions and their sentiments for thefuture holistic execution. Remember that, all of the planning or development should be on traveling which mean can prolong. Therefore, for farther execution of the construct of sustanable development, it needs to refer both public and private sectors, societal, economic and cultural benefits for host communities commensurate, guaranting the supply of quality touristry merchandises and avoiding or cut downing negative impacts upon the natural and socio-cultural environments. Bibliography: Ritchie, J.R.B and Crouch, G.I. ( 2003 ) The compertitive Finish: A sustainable Tourism Perspective, Oxon: CABI. Howie F. ( 2003 ) Pull offing the Tourist destintion ; London: Thomson. Ritchie, J.R.B. and Crouch, G.I. ( 2003 ) The competitory Finish: A sustanable Tourism Perspective, Ozon: CABI. Stabler, M J. ( 1997 ) Tourism and Sustainaility: Principles to Practice, Oxford: CAB international.